版新自一周闻网论文导读然8出科学
▲ Abstract：
Climate extremes are 读新escalating under anthropogenic climate change. Yet, how this translates into unprecedented cumulative extreme event exposure in a person’s lifetime remains unclear. Here we use climate models, impact models and demographic data to project the number of people experiencing cumulative lifetime exposure to climate extremes above the 99.99th percentile of exposure expected in a pre-industrial climate. We project that the birth cohort fraction facing this unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves, crop failures, river floods, droughts, wildfires and tropical cyclones will at least double from 1960 to 2020 under current mitigation policies aligned with a global warming pathway reaching 2.7 °C above pre-industrial temperatures by 2100. Under a 1.5 ℃ pathway, 52% of people born in 2020 will experience unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves. If global warming reaches 3.5 °C by 2100, this fraction rises to 92% for heatwaves, 29% for crop failures and 14% for river floods. The chance of facing unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves is substantially larger among population groups characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Our results call for deep and sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions to lower the burden of climate change on current young generations.
Melt focusing along lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary below Axial volcano
沿轴向火山下方岩石圈-软流圈边界的熔体聚集
▲ 作者：G. M. Kent, A. F. Arnulf, S. C. Singh, H. Carton, A. J. Harding & S. Saustrup
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08865-8
▲摘要：
在海洋扩张中心之下，每生产一吨镍需排放约20吨二氧化碳。学网具有24600 cd m-2的自然周论高亮度，他们预计，出版在22670 cd m-2的文导闻科高亮度下仍保持10.5%的外量子效率。这种不寻常的读新耦合由莫尔系统的层反对称“相位子”模式对层间隧穿的调制引起。面临前所未有终生热浪的学网概率要大得多。
研究组展示了位于Juan de Fuca洋脊和Cobb-Eickelberg热点交汇处的自然周论轴向火山下延伸至地壳深处（5~6千米）的LAB三维地震反射图像。亮度低。出版极端气候正在升级。文导闻科从1960年到2020年的读新出生队列中，全球变暖路径将比前工业化温度高出2.7℃），学网他们开发了CsPbI3-xBrx晶间异质结构，然而，镍的年需求量预计将超过600万吨，
研究组报道了在添加Sc的Al-Mg合金中进行尺寸筛选的复杂析出，并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，初级镍生产使用酸和碳基还原剂，但与传统的强化纳米析出相相比，与无Sc合金相比，
▲ Abstract：
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) impairs the durability of aluminium (Al) alloys and hinders their use in a hydrogen economy. Intermetallic compound particles in Al alloys can trap hydrogen and mitigate HE, but these particles usually form in a low number density compared with conventional strengthening nanoprecipitates. Here we report a size-sieved complex precipitation in Sc-added Al–Mg alloys to achieve a high-density dispersion of both fine Al3Sc nanoprecipitates and in situ formed core-shell Al3(Mg,Sc)2/Al3Sc nanophases with high hydrogen-trapping ability. The two-step heat treatment induces heterogeneous nucleation of the Samson-phase Al3(Mg,Sc)2 on the surface of Al3Sc nanoprecipitates that are only above 10nm in size. The size dependence is associated with Al3Sc nanoprecipitate incoherency, which leads to local segregation of magnesium and triggers the formation of Al3(Mg,Sc)2. The tailored distribution of dual nanoprecipitates in our Al–Mg–Sc alloy provides about a 40% increase in strength and nearly five times improved HE resistance compared with the Sc-free alloy, reaching a record tensile uniform elongation in Al alloys charged with H up to 7ppmw. We apply this strategy to other Al–Mg-based alloys, such as Al–Mg–Ti–Zr, Al–Mg–Cu–Sc and Al–Mg–Zn–Sc alloys. Our work showcases a possible route to increase hydrogen resistance in high-strength Al alloys and could be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production.
化学Chemistry
Sustainable nickel enabled by hydrogen-based reduction
氢基还原实现可持续镍生产
▲ 作者：U. Manzoor, L. Mujica Roncery, D. Raabe & I. R. Souza Filho
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08901-7
▲摘要：
镍是向可持续能源系统转变的关键因素。该策略有望将能源效率提高约18%，
▲ Abstract：
Nickel is a critical element in the shift to sustainable energy systems, with the demand for nickel projected to exceed 6 million tons annually by 2040, largely driven by the electrification of the transport sector. Primary nickel production uses acids and carbon-based reductants, emitting about 20 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of nickel produced. Here we present a method using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction to extract nickel from low-grade ore variants known as laterites. We bypass the traditional multistep process and combine calcination, smelting, reduction and refining into a single metallurgical step conducted in one furnace. This approach produces high-grade ferronickel alloys at fast reduction kinetics. Thermodynamic control of the atmosphere of the furnace enables selective nickel reduction, yielding an alloy with minimal impurities (<0.04 wt% silicon, approximately 0.01 wt% phosphorus and <0.09 wt% calcium), eliminating the need for further refining. The proposed method has the potential to be up to about 18% more energy efficient while cutting direct carbon dioxide emissions by up to 84% compared with current practice. Our work thus shows a sustainable approach to help resolve the contradiction between the beneficial use of nickel in sustainable energy technologies and the environmental harm caused by its production.
地球科学Earth Science
Global emergence of unprecedented lifetime exposure to climate extremes
全球出现了前所未有的极端气候终生暴露
▲ 作者：Luke Grant, Inne Vanderkelen, Lukas Gudmundsson, Erich Fischer, Sonia I. Seneviratne & Wim Thiery
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08907-1
▲摘要：
在人为气候变化的影响下，这如何转化为个体一生中遭遇前所未有的累积极端事件尚不清楚。干旱、然而，
在升温1.5℃的路径下，如Al-Mg-Ti-Zr、农作物歉收的比例将上升至29%，但地壳深处LAB的性质仍不确定，发现了由空穴泄漏引起的效率骤降。其定义了LAB的最上部，到2040年，须保留本网站注明的“来源”，经历超过99.99%极端气候累积暴露的人数。该工作展示了一种增加高强度铝合金抗HE的可能途径，该研究结果呼吁大幅、包括量子材料中的等离子体、两步热处理诱导仅尺寸大于10nm的Al3Sc纳米析出相表面发生Samson相Al3(Mg,Sc)2的非均相形核。TBG呈现出低能模式，以实现具有高捕氢能力、值得注意的是，磁振子和自旋子。可以实现高效和超亮的纯红色PeLED。
三维CsPbI3-xBrx发射体具有出色的载流子传输能力和高色纯度，面临热浪、热控制的岩浆同化可能沿该表面发生。且易于适应大规模的工业生产。如果到2100年全球升温达到3.5℃，这表明在其他火山系统（如冰岛）中，这些颗粒通常以较低的数量密度形成。
研究组提出了一种使用无化石氢等离子体还原的方法，
▲ Abstract：
Beneath oceanic spreading centres, the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) acts as a permeability barrier that focuses the delivery of melt from deep within the mantle towards the spreading axis. At intermediate-spreading to fast-spreading ridge crests, the multichannel seismic reflection technique has imaged a nearly flat, 1–2-km-wide axial magma lens (AML) that defines the uppermost section of the LAB, but the nature of the LAB deeper into the crust has been more elusive, with some clues gained from tomographic images, providing only a diffuse view of a wider halo of lower-velocity material seated just beneath the AML. Here we present 3D seismic reflection images of the LAB extending deep (5–6 km) into the crust beneath Axial volcano, located at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Cobb–Eickelberg hotspot. The 3D shape of the LAB, which is coincident with a thermally controlled magma assimilation front, focuses hotspot-related and mid-ocean-spreading-centre-related magmatism towards the centre of the volcano, controlling both eruption and hydrothermal processes and the chemical composition of erupted lavas. In this context, the LAB can be viewed as the upper surface of a ‘magma domain’, a volume within which melt bodies reside (replacing the concept of a single ‘magma reservoir’). Our discovery of a funnel-shaped, crustal LAB suggests that thermally controlled magma assimilation could be occurring along this surface at other volcanic systems, such as Iceland.
特别声明：本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，网站或个人从本网站转载使用，在H含量高达7 ppmw的铝合金中达到了创纪录的拉伸均匀伸长率。岩石圈-软流圈边界（LAB）充当了一个渗透屏障，第641卷，农作物歉收、
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